Design and evaluation of inclusion resolutions, based on readily
available host compounds.
S. Muller, M.C. Afraz, R. de Gelder, G.J.A. Ariaans, B. Kaptein,
Q.B. Broxterman, A. Bruggink
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
2005, 6, 1082-1096
Abstract:
Resolution of enantiomers through selective crystallisation of
diastereomeric inclusion compounds can extend the scope of traditional
racemate resolution beyond salt forming compounds. To assess the
practical value of this approach the literature was carefully screened
and promising results were checked. Also an extensive range of new
inclusion hosts suitable for resolution processes, derived from simple
hydroxy- and amino acids were prepared and tested. Several techniques,
including the Dutch Resolution approach utilizing mixtures of resolving
agents, were applied. Over 70 potential resolving agents were tested in
combinations with 34 racemates (over 100 racemates if literature
results are included). Reproducibility of literature results was found
to be problematic. Also the number of successful new resolutions found
was very limited: only two efficient resolutions out of 1200
combinations of racemate and resolving agent tested in over 10.000
experiments! Crystal studies of representative combinations of
resolving agents and inclusion compounds revealed some of the causes
for the low rate of success in inclusion resolution. Compared to
diastereomeric salts, the absence of strong electrostatic interactions
substantially reduces the probability of forming crystals including
both components. Molecular structure features allowing formation of
intricate intramolecular and intermolecular H-bond networks were found
to be responsible for inclusion crystal formation, and for the quality
of the ensuing resolution through selective diastereomer
crystallisation, in the successful cases. Whereas diastereomeric salt
resolution continues to be of scientific and industrial interest,
inclusion resolution should be viewed as of very limited scope; useful
in specific instances, but lacking the wide applicability of classical
resolution.